Hybrid Wireless Network-on-Chip Architectures with Load-Balanced Congestion-Aware Routing Algorithm
Main Article Content
Keywords
Wireless Network on Chip, Congestion Aware Routing, Load Balancing , MAC Protocol , Noxim Simulator
Abstract
Network-on-Chip (NoC) faces growing challenges in maintaining low-latency, energy-efficient communication as core counts in System-on-Chip architectures continue to rise. Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) has emerged as a promising solution by integrating wireless links with traditional wired mesh networks, enabling single-hop long range communication. However, with limited wireless bandwidth and non-uniform traffic patterns, WiNoC systems are prone to wireless congestion and inefficient resource utilisation. This paper proposes a load-balanced congestion-aware routing algorithm for WiNoC (LCRAW) that addresses these issues. The algorithm changes packet distribution between lower-wired paths and upper-layer wireless paths dynamically. The wired mesh network is partitioned into small subnets, and source-to-destination distance guides optimal path selection. By monitoring network load conditions, LCRAW adaptively reduces congestion risk in both layers and improves overall throughput. Simulation results using synthetic traffic patterns on the Noxim cycle-accurate simulator show that LCRAW, compared to XY and load-balanced congestion-aware (LTCA) routing, improves throughput by up to 14% and 9%, reduces latency by 19% and 12%, and decreases energy consumption by 13% and 10%, respectively. For application traces, LCRAW improves throughput by up to 25% and 14%, reduces latency by 16% and 9%, and decreases energy consumption by 51% and 35%, compared to XY and LTCA, respectively.
References
Benini, L., & De Micheli, G. (2002). Networks on chips: A new SoC paradigm. Computer, 35(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.976921
Boudour, G., Teyssié, C., & Zoubir, M. (2011). Reservation MAC Protocols for Ad-Hoc Networks: Analysis of the Approaches. In Sridhar, V., & Saha, D. (eds), Recent Advances in Broadband Integrated Network Operations and Services Management. IGI Global (ch. 7, pp. 103–119). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-589-6.ch007
Catania, V., Mineo, A., Monteleone, S., Palesi, M., & Patti, D. (2017). Improving energy efficiency in wireless network-on-chip architectures. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 14(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3138807
Chang, K., Deb, S., Ganguly, A., Yu, X., Sah, S. P., Pande, P. P., Belzer, B., & Heo, D. (2012). Performance evaluation and design trade-offs for wireless network-on-chip architectures. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 8(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/2287696.2287706
Deb, S., Ganguly, A., Pande, P. P., Belzer, B., & Heo, D. (2012). Wireless NoC as interconnection backbone for multicore chips: Promises and challenges. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, 2(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2012.2193835
Dong, P., Chen, Y.-K., Gu, T., Buhl, L. L., Neilson, D. T., & Sinsky, J. H. (2015). Reconfigurable 100 Gb/s silicon photonic network-on-chip. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 7(1), A37–A43. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.7.000A37
Duraisamy, K., Xue, Y., Bogdan, P., & Pande, P. P. (2016). Multicast-aware high-performance wireless network-on-chip architectures. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 25(3), 1126–1139. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2016.2612647
Fasiku, A. I., Oladokun, O., Rusli, S., & Marsono, M. N. (2021). A centralized token-based medium access control mechanism for wireless network-on-chip. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Technology (ICAICST) (pp. 102–107). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICST53116.2021.9497802
Ganguly, A., Ahmed, M. M., Narde, R. S., Vashist, A., Shamim, M. S., Mansoor, N., Shinde, T., Subramaniam, S., Saxena, S., Venkataraman, J., & Indovina, M. (2018). The advances, challenges and future possibilities of millimeter-wave chip-to-chip interconnections for multi-chip systems. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications, 8(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8010005
Hu, W.-H., Wang, C., & Bagherzadeh, N. (2012). Design and analysis of a mesh-based wireless network-on-chip. In 2012 20th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing (pp. 483–490). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PDP.2012.19
Lu, X., Fan, G., & Hao, R. (2006). A dynamic token passing MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (pp. 743–748). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1143549.1143698
Mamaghani, S. M., & Jamali, M. A. J. (2018). An adaptive congestion-aware routing algorithm based on network load for wireless routers in wireless network-on-chip. AEU – International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 97, 25–37. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434841117328649
Mamaghani, S. M, & Jabraeil Jamali, M. A. (2019). A load-balanced congestion-aware routing algorithm based on time interval in wireless network-on-chip. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(7), 2869–2882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.09.043
Negi, R., & Rajeswaran, A. (2005). DoS analysis of reservation-based MAC protocols. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (pp. 3632–3636). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2005.1495094
Ouyang, Y., Li, Z., Li, J., Sun, C., Liang, H., & Du, G. (2019). CPCA: An efficient wireless routing algorithm in WiNoC for cross path congestion awareness. Integration, 69, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2019.03.008
Reza, M. F. (2023). Machine learning enabled solutions for design and optimization challenges in networks-on-chip based multi/many-core architectures. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 19(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3591470
Rezaei, A., Daneshtalab, M., & Zhao, D. (2017). CAP-W: Congestion-aware platform for wireless-based network-on-chip in many-core era. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 52, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2017.05.014
Romera, T., Briere, A., & Denoulet, J. (2019). Dynamically reconfigurable RF-NoC with distance-aware routing algorithm. In 2019 14th International Symposium on Reconfigurable Communication-centric Systems-on-Chip (ReCoSoC) (pp. 98–104). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ReCoSoC48741.2019.9034949
Sirisha Mrunalini, L., & Arun, M. (2024). Reconfigurable fork shaped plasmonic graphene based nano-patch antenna for wireless network-on-chip application in THz band. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 56(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05895-2
Weerasekera, R., Pamunuwa, D., Zheng, L.-R., & Tenhunen, H. (2009). Two-dimensional and three-dimensional integration of heterogeneous electronic systems under cost, performance, and technological constraints. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 28(8), 1237–1250. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2009.2021734
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Telecommunications Association Inc.
How to Cite
