Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia
Main Article Content
Keywords
location information, privacy, metadata retention and disclosure, LTE, law enforcement and national security
Abstract
This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
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References
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Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006
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Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group (1979) 143 CLR 499
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Human & Constitutional Rights Resource Page. 2018 http://www.hrcr.org/safrica/privacy/austr_law.html
iiNet. 2015. Law enforcement agencies contact https://www.iinet.net.au/about/legal/law.html
IETF. 2007. ‘Request for Comments: 4960 Stream Control Transmission Protocol’.
IETF. 1981a. ‘RFC. Transmission Control Protocol DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification’
IETF. 1981b. ‘RFC 791. Internet Protocol DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification’
Inspector?General of Intelligence and Security Act 1986 (Cth) (IGIS Act)
Jaffarie v Director General of Security [2014] FCAFC 102 (18 August 2014)
Johnston, A. 2017. ‘Privacy law: Data, metadata and personal information: A landmark ruling from the federal court’. Law Society of NSW Journal, 31 (March), 82-83.
Jones, DM. 2016. ‘Intelligence and the management of national security: the post 9/11 evolution of an Australian National Security Community’. Intelligence and National Security, 33(1), 1–20.
Kozierok, C. 2005. The TCP/IP Guide in the TCP/IP Guide. http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_MessagesPacketsFramesDatagramsandCells-2.htm
Lachmayer, K; Witzleb, N. 2014. ‘The Challenge to Privacy from Ever Increasing State Surveillance: A Comparative Perspective’. UNSW Law Journal, 37(2), 748-783
Laster, D. 1989. 'Breaches of Confidence and of Privacy by Misuse of Confidential Information'. Otago Law Review 31, 424
Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee (LCARC), Parliament of Australia, Comprehensive revision of the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979, (2015)
Leonard, P. 2015a. ‘The Metadata Retention Debate Rages On’. Internet Law Bulletin, 18(1) 17. https://www.gtlaw.com.au/sites/default/files/The-Metadata-Retention-Debate-rages-on.pdf
Leonard, P. 2015b. ‘Internet Data Retention in Australia: New Controversies and Complexities’. Privacy Law Bulletin 2, 12(1) (Lexis Nexis, online)
Leonard, P. 2015c. ‘Mandatory Internet Data Retention in Australia – Looking the horse in the mouth after it has bolted’. https://www.gtlaw.com.au/sites/default/files/Mandatory-Internet-Data-Retention-in-Australia_0.pdf
Loyd v Freshjeld (1826) 2 Car & P 325; 172 ER 147
Letter from the Attorney General, George Brandis to Hon Philip Ruddock MP, Chair of the PJCIS, 9 February 2016 cited in PJCHR, 25 February 2016
Maurushat, A. 2016. ‘BD use by law enforcement and intelligence in the national security space: Perceived benefits, risks and challenges’. Media and Arts Law Review, 21(3), 1–27.
Mayer, J; Mutchler P; Mitchell, JC. 2016. ‘Evaluating the privacy properties of telephone metadata’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(20), pp. 5536–5541
Michael, K; Clarke, R. 2012. ‘Location privacy under dire threat as uberveillance stalks the streets’. Precedent, 108, 24–29.
Moses, LB; Chan, J. 2014. ‘Using Big Data for Legal and Law Enforcement Decisions: Testing the New Tools’. UNSW Law Journal, 37(2), 643-678
Nicholson, N; Redlich, H. 2015. ‘Big Data, Metadata and Personal Data - How Does the Privacy Act Regulate Metadata?’ Privacy Law Bulletin, 12(8), 215 (online)
Nohrborg, M. 2017. LTE, 3GPP. http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/98-lte
Office of Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC, January 2015, Submission No 92 to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security, Inquiry into the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014, January 2015
Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights (PJCHR). 2014. Parliament of Australia, Fifteenth Report of the 44thParliament
Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (PJCIS). 2015. Advisory Report on the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2014 (Cth)
Privacy Commissioner v Telstra Corporation Limited [2017] FCAFC 4 (19 January 2017)
Privacy Act 1988 (Cth)
Revised Explanatory Memorandum, Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill 2015 (Cth)
Rodrick, S. 2009) ‘Accessing telecommunications data for national security and law enforcement purposes’. Federal Law Review, 37, 391.
Rix, M. 2013. ‘Security without secrecy? Counter-terrorism, ASIO and access to information’, pp. 240-263 in Baldino, D. (Ed), Spooked: the truth about intelligence in Australia. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing.
Rix, M. 2014. ‘What is the meaning and what is the use of ‘metadata retention’?’ The Conversation (online) 26 August 2014. https://theconversation.com/what-is-the-meaning-and-what-is-the-use-of-metadata-retention-30350
Robertson v Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce [l9941 1 WLR 1493
Roach, K. 2011. The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Samsonidis v Commissioner, Australian Federal Police [2007] FCAFC 159 (5 October 2007)
Sarre, R. 2017. ‘Metadata Retention as a Means of Combatting Terrorism and Organised Crime: A Perspective from Australia’. Asian Journal of Criminology, 12(3) pp. 167–179
Selvadurai, N; Gillies, P; Islam, R. 2009. ‘Maintaining an effective legislative framework for telecommunications interception in Australia’. Criminal Law Journal, 33(1), 34–44
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Published
Dec 31, 2018
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Shanapinda, S. (2018). Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 6(4), 109–140. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v6n4.167
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