The Adoption of E-commerce in SMEs: the Colombian Case

Main Article Content

Javier A. Sánchez-Torres https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8217-2177
Sandra Patricia Rojas Berrío https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-3779
Paola Andrea Ortiz Rendón https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-1218

Keywords

e-Commerce, Adoption, SMEs, Information and Communication Technologies

Abstract

The few studies in South American developing countries that refer to the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs require knowledge of how this context is presented. The objective of this study addresses this need and seeks to determine the variables that influence the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs in Colombia. The measurement tool (IMAES) was applied using a digital questionnaire; 263 surveys were collected in SMEs and the data were analysed using the partial least squares methodology, validating tool and model. The results found that Colombian SMEs adopt e-commerce because of pressure from senior management, performance expectations, the competitive advantage it offers, and pressure from their customers. This is one of the first studies in the region that empirically analyses the adoption of e-commerce, as well as describing the theoretical framework for this line of research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Abstract 1962 | 403-PDF-v9n3pp110-135 Downloads 113

References

Abdulhakeem, I., Edwards, H. M., & McDonald, S. (2017). E­commerce adoption in Developing Countries SMEs: What Do the Prevailing Theoretical Models Offer Us? In: 4th International Conference on E­Commerce, 18­20 Sep 2017, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Abou-Shouk, M., & Eraqi, M. I. (2015). Perceived barriers to e-commerce adoption in SMEs in developing countries: The case of travel agents in Egypt. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 21(3), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSOM.2015.069652
Abou-Shouk, M., Megicks, P., & Lim, W. M. (2013). Perceived Benefits and E-Commerce Adoption by SME Travel Agents in Developing Countries: Evidence from Egypt. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 37(4), 490–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012442544
Al-Bakri, A. A., & Katsioloudes, M. I. (2015). The factors affecting e-commerce adoption by Jordanian SMEs. Management Research Review, 38(7), 726–749. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-12-2013-0291
Al-Tit, A. A. (2020). E-commerce drivers and barriers and their impact on e-customer loyalty in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11612
Alam, S, S., Ali, Y., & Jani, M. F. M. (2011). An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Electronic Commerce Adoption among SMEs in Malaysia. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(2), 375. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.576749
Alrousan, M. K., & Jones, E. (2016). A conceptual model of factors affecting e-commerce adoption by SME owner/managers in Jordan. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 21(3), 269–308. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2016.074762
Ahluwalia, P., & Merhi, M. I. (2020). Understanding country level adoption of e-commerce: a theoretical model including technological, institutional, and cultural factors. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 28(1), 1-22.
Anim-Yeboah, S., Boateng, R., Odoom, R., & Kolog, E. A. (2020). Digital transformation process and the capability and capacity implications for small and medium enterprises. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(2) 26–44. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEEI.2020070102
Awa, H. O., Ojiabo, O. U., & Emecheta, B. C. (2015). Integrating TAM, TPB and TOE frameworks and expanding their characteristic constructs for e-commerce adoption by SMEs. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-04-2014-0012
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Belvedere, V., & Grando, A. (2017). ICT-enabled time performance: an investigation of value creation mechanisms. Production Planning and Control, 28(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2016.1233359
Cassetta, E., Monarca, U., Dileo, I., Di Berardino, C., & Pini, M. (2020). The relationship between digital technologies and internationalisation. Evidence from Italian SMEs. Industry and Innovation, 27(4), 311–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1696182
Charlton, C., Little, J., Finch, I. M., & Neilson, I. (2000). TITANS: A component based authoring environment using XML to facilitate low cost, high quality entry of the SME to e-commerce. Proceedings of the 26th Euromicro Conference. EUROMICRO 2000. Informatics: Inventing the Future. September; Maastricht, Netherlands. 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1109/EURMIC.2000.874410
Chen, L., & Holsapple, C. W. (2013). E-Business Adoption Research: State of the Art. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 14(3), 261–286. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1065.1264&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Chong, W. K., Man, K. L., Chen, C., & Lai, H. Y. (2011). Design and development of B2B e-Commerce framework for Malaysian SMEs. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science. Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Scientists 2011, IMECS 2011.March; Hong Kong. 1062–1065.
Churchill, G. A., & Iacobucci, D. (2005). Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations. Califormia: South-Western
Corrales-Liévano, J. D. (2019). Examining the Relationship of Electronic Commerce in the Total Sales of Colombian Commercial SMEs: a Look Between the Years 2012 and 2016 in a Developing Country in South America. Revista Logos, Ciencia & Tecnología, 11(3), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v11i3.904
Dahbi, S., & Benmoussa, C. (2019). What hinder SMEs from adopting E-commerce? A multiple case analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 158, 811-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.118
Darsono, J. T., Susana, E., Prihantono, E. Y., & Kasim, E. S. (2019). Strategic policies for small and medium businesses in marketing through e-commerce. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(2), 1230–1245. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.2(30)
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Deng, H., Duan, S. X., & Luo, F. (2019). Critical determinants for electronic market adoption: Evidence from Australian small- and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(2), 335–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-04-2019-0106
Dethine, B., Enjolras, M., & Monticolo, D. (2020). Digitalization and SMEs’ export management: Impacts on resources and capabilities. Technology Innovation Management Review, 10(4), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1344
dos Reis, A. D., & Machado, M. A. (2020). E-commerce in emerging markets: internationalization factors of Brazilian footwear in South America. Revista Gestao & Tecnologia-Journal of Management and Technology, 20(1), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.20397/2177-6652/2020.v20i1.1790
Feng, L., Ma, J., Wang, Y., & Yang, J. (2018). Comparison Study on Development Path for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises E-commerce Using Complex Fuzzy Sets. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 11, 716–724. https://doi.org/10.2991/ijcis.11.1.55
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Ghobakhloo, M., Arias-Aranda, D., & Benitez-Amado, J. (2011). Adoption of e-commerce applications in SMEs. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 111(8), 1238–1269. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111170785
Ghobakhloo, M., & Ching, N. T. (2019). Adoption of digital technologies of smart manufacturing in SMEs. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 16(June), 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2019.100107
Giotopoulos, I., Kontolaimou, A., Korra, E., & Tsakanikas, A. (2017). What drives ICT adoption by SMEs? Evidence from a large-scale survey in Greece. Journal of Business Research, 81(August), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.007
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
Grandon, E. E., & Pearson, J. M. (2004). Electronic commerce adoption: An empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Information and Management, 42(1), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010
Hadi Putra, P. O., & Santoso, H. B. (2020). Contextual factors and performance impact of e-business use in Indonesian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Heliyon, 6(3), e03568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03568
Hamad, H., Elbeltagi, I., & El-Gohary, H. (2018). An empirical investigation of business-to-business e-commerce adoption and its impact on SMEs competitive advantage: The case of Egyptian manufacturing SMEs. Strategic Change, 27(3), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2196
Harris, K. J., Marett, K., & Harris, R. B. (2017). An investigation of the impact of effective factors on the success of e-commerce in small- and medium-sized companies. Computers in Human Behavior, 66(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.008
He, X., & Bakht, H. (2018). An analysis of administrative management, financial and security barriers in e-commerce adoption in small to medium size enterprises (SME’s) in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 7(6), 337–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/070602
He, X. H., & Zhang, L. (2010). E-commerce strategy for SMEs. 2010 2nd IEEE International Conference on Information Management and Engineering. April; Chengdu, China: 396–398. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIME.2010.5477725
Henseler, J., & Chin, W. (2010). A Comparison of Approaches for the Analysis of Interaction Effects Between Latent Variables Using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 17(1), 82–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903439003
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1) 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hussein, L. A., Baharudin, A. S., Jayaraman, K., & Kiumarsi, S. (2019). B2b e-commerce technology factors with mediating effect perceived usefulness in Jordanian manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(1), 411–429.
Ibrahim, N., & Moertini, V. S. (2015). Supplier relationship management model for SME’s e-commerce transaction broker case study: Hotel rooms provider. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 71(1), 61–70. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: http://repository.maranatha.edu/19021/
Kwan-Chung, C. K., & Ortiz-Jiménez, L. (2021). Adopción del E-commerce: Un estudio meta-analítico. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, 17(1), 4-23.
Ketchen, D. J. (2013). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 184–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.002
Kumar, P., & Kaur, H. (2021). Determinants of e-commerce adoption: a literature-derived model for developing nations. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 37(2), 182-199. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2021.115374
Li, J. D., Feng, J. X., & Lin, M. T. (2008). Model of e-commerce application for the manufacturing SMEs of China. Frontiers in Enterprise Integration, 461–466.
Lim, S. C., Lim, S. P., & Trakulmaykee, N. (2018). An empirical study on factors affecting e-commerce adoption among SMEs in west Malaysia. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.4.008
MacGregor, R. C., & Kartiwi, M. (2010). Perception of Barriers to E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in a Developed and Developing Country. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 8(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2010103004
MacGregor, R. C., & Vrazalic, L. (2005). A basic model of electronic commerce adoption barriers: A study of regional small businesses in Sweden and Australia. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 510–527. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000510628199
MacHaria, J. (2009). Factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce in SMEs in Kenya. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 5(4), 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTIP.2009.029377
Marín-Idárraga, D. A., & González, J. M. H. (2021). Organizational structure and convergent change: explanatory factors in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, to appear. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2020-0347
Mbatha, B., & Ngwenya, B. (2018). Obstacles to the adoption of e-commerce by tourism SME service providers in South Africa: the case of selected SMEs in Pretoria. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 13(3), 153–173. https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2018/v13n3a8
Molapo, M. E. (2014). Examining the effectiveness of E-commerce among SME’s in Polokwane, South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p459
Molla, A., Heeks, R., & Tjia, P. (2006). Adding Clicks to Bricks: A Case Study of E-Commerce Adoption by a Catalan Small Retailer. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(4), 424–438. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000623
Nair, J., Chellasamy, A., & Singh, B. N. B. (2019). Readiness factors for information technology adoption in SMEs: testing an exploratory model in an Indian context. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13(4), 694–718. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-09-2018-0254
Newby, M., Nguyen, T. H., & Waring, T. S. (2014). Understanding customer relationship management technology adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises: An empirical study in the USA. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(5), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-11-2012-0078
OECD. (2019). Going Digital in Colombia: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation. Available from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/781185b1-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/781185b1-en
Osorio-Gallego, C. A., Londoño-Metaute, J. H., & López-Zapata, E. (2016). Analysis of factors that influence the ICT adoption by SMEs in Colombia. Intangible Capital, 12(2), 666–698. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: https://www.intangiblecapital.org/index.php/ic/article/view/726
Parra, D. T., Angulo, L., Sandoval, J., & Guerrero, C. D. (2019). Digital transformation in Colombia: An exploratory study on ICT adoption in organizations. In 2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), June, 1-6.
Pickernell, D., Jones, P, Packham, G., Thomas, B., White, G, & Willis, R. (2013). E-commerce trading activity and the SME sector: An FSB perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(4), 866–888. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-06-2012-0074
Rahayu, R., & Day, J. (2015). Determinant Factors of E-commerce Adoption by SMEs in Developing Country: Evidence from Indonesia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 142–150. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.423
Reardon, T., Belton, B., Liverpool‐Tasie, L. S. O., Lu, L., Nuthalapati, C. S., Tasie, O., & Zilberman, D. (2021). E‐commerce's fast‐tracking diffusion and adaptation in developing countries. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 1-17.
Rivard, S., Raymond, L., & Verreault, D. (2006). Resource-based view and competitive strategy: An integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.06.003
Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations: Modifications of a Model for Telecommunications. In: Stoetzer, M. W., & Mahler, A. (eds), Die Diffusion von Innovationen in der Telekommunikation, 17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Rojas-Berrio, S., & Vega-Rodríguez, R. (2011). Nivel de apropiación del internet y nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación en las Pymes colombianas exportadoras o potencialmente exportadoras. Punto De Vista, 3, 181–194. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4776911
Saffu, K., Walker, J. H., & Hinson, R. (2008). Strategic value and electronic commerce adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises in a transitional economy, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 23(6), 395–404. http://doi.org/10.1108/08858620810894445
Saffu, K., Walker, J. H., & Mazurek, M. (2012). Perceived Strategic Value and e-Commerce Adoption among SMEs in Slovakia. Journal of Internet Commerce, 11(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2012.650986
Sanayei, A., & Rajabion, L. (2009). Critical successful factors contributing to e-commerce adoption among Iranian SMEs. International Journal of Information Science and Management, 7(2), 57–65. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255631294_Critical_Successful_Factors_Contributing_to_E-Commerce_Adoption_among_Iranian_SMEs
Sánchez-Torres, J. A. (2019). Moderating effect of the digital divide of e-commerce. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(12), 1387–1400. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2018-0622
Sánchez-Torres, J. A., Arroyo-Cañada, F. J., & Gil-lafuente, J. (2016). Construction of a Digital Divide Index for the Study of Latin American Countries. AMSE JOURNALS-2016-Series: Advances D, 21(1), 38–53. Accessed 8 May 2021. Available from: https://amsemodelling.com/publications/advances_in_modelling/Computer_Science_and_Statistics/21/Construction%20of%20a%20Digital%20Divide%20Index%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Latin%20American%20Countries.pdf
Sánchez-Torres, J. A., Arroyo-Cañada, F. J., Varon-Sandobal, A., & Sánchez-Alzate, J. A. (2017). Differences between e-commerce buyers and non-buyers in Colombia: The moderating effect of educational level and socioeconomic status on electronic purchase intention. DYNA (Colombia), 84(202). http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v84n202.65496
Sánchez-Torres, J. A., & Juarez-Acosta, F. (2019). Modelling SME e-commerce with IMAES. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 34(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-04-2018-0132
Sánchez-Torres, J. A., Arroyo-Cañada, F.J., Sandoval, A. V., & Rojas-Berrio, S. (2021). Exploring the factors affecting the use of C2C in Colombia. Cuadernos de Gestión, 21(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.180945js
Scupola, A. (2009). SMEs’ e-commerce adoption: perspectives from Denmark and Australia. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 22(1/2), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390910932803
Shah Azam, M., & Quaddus, M. (2009). How organisational characteristics explain the adoption of e-commerce by the SMEs in Bangladesh?. ACIS 2009 Proceedings — 20th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. December; Melbourne: 436–446.
Solaymani, S., Sohaili, K., & Yazdinejad, E. A. (2012). Adoption and use of e-commerce in SMEs: A case study. Electronic Commerce Research, 12(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-012-9096-6
Sombultawee, K. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of e-commerce adoption for SMEs. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41(2), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2020.41.2.05
Sparling, L., Toleman, M., & Cater-Steel, A. (2007). SME Adoption of e-commerce in the Central Okanagan region of Canada. ACIS 2007 Proceedings — 18th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. December; Toowoomba: 1046–1059.
Stathis, P. (2015). Globalisation-does it lead to international competitiveness? Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 3(2), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n2.15
Stewart, T. I., & Luthans, F. (1977). A General Contingency Theory of Management, Academy of Management Review, 2(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1977.4409038
Suárez, S. J. L. (2020). El comercio electrónico (e-commerce) un aliado estratégico para las empresas en Colombia. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação. (E34), 235-251.
Thong, J. Y. L., & Yap, C. S. (1995). CEO characteristics, organizational characteristics and information technology adoption in small businesses, Omega, 23(4), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0483(95)00017-I
Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 16(1), 45–46.
Van-Huy, L., Rowe, F., Truex, D., & Huynh, M. Q. (2012). An empirical Study of Determinants of E-commerce Adoption in SMEs in Vietnam an economy in transition. Journal of Global Information Management, 20(3), 23–54. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2012070102
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Davis, G., & Davis, F. (2003). User Acceptance of information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
Wang, F. (2020). Digital marketing capabilities in international firms: a relational perspective. International Marketing Review, 37(3), 559-577. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-04-2018-0128
Wei, K., Li, Y., Zha, Y., & Ma, J. (2019). Trust, risk and transaction intention in consumer-to-consumer e-marketplaces: An empirical comparison between buyers’ and sellers’ perspectives. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 119(2). 331-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2017-0489
Wilson, H., Daniel, E., & Davies, I. (2008). The diffusion of e-commerce in UK SMEs. Journal of Marketing Management, 24(5–6), 489–516. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725708X325968
Wu, M., Gide, E., Zhang, L., & Xing, Q. (2011). CSFs for service industry SMEs successfully adopting e-commerce system: A study from China. LNEE, 99, 861–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21747-0_111
Wymer, S. A., & Regan, E. A. (2005). Factors Influencing e-commerce Adoption and Use by Small and Medium Businesses. Electronic Markets, 15(4), 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780500303151
Wymer, S. A., Regan, E. A., Wilson, H., Daniel, E., Davies, I., Stockdale, R., Standing, C., Scupola, A., Saffu, K., Walker, J., Hinson, R., Rahayu, R., Day, J., Osmonbekov, T., Bello, D. C., Gilliland, D. I., Molla, A., Heeks, R., Tjia, P., MacGregor, R. C., Kartiwi, M., & Lim, W. M. (2008). Adoption of electronic commerce tools in business procurement: Enhanced buying center structure and process. Management Research Review, 22(1), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620810894445
Xuhua, H., Elikem, O. C., Akaba, S., & Brown, D. W. (2019). Effects of business-to-business e-commerce adoption on competitive advantage of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Economics and Sociology, 12(1), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2019/12-1/4
Yadav, R., & Mahara, T. (2018). Preliminary Study of E-commerce Adoption in Indian Handicraft SME: A Case Study. In: Pant, M., Ray, K., Sharma, T., Rawat. S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. (eds) Soft Computing: Theories and Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 584. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5699-4_48

Most read articles by the same author(s)