Regulating News and Disinformation on Digital Platforms Self-Regulation or Prevarication?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Digital platforms, communications, media, co-regulation, self-regulation
Abstract
In February 2021 two initiatives for regulating digital platforms in Australia were implemented. The News Media Bargaining Code (“News Code”) attracted international attention as a legislative means of forcing platforms to pay for news content, while the Australian Voluntary Disinformation and Misinformation Code (“Disinformation Code”) was modelled on an international initiative. Both were developed to meet Government policy formulated in response to Australia’s Digital Platforms Inquiry. Whereas the Inquiry recommended the use of co-regulation, Government policy switched to voluntary codes for both, then to a legislative scheme for the News Code. This article examines the schemes and critiques the policy on which they are based. It applies a conceptual framework to assess the optimum conditions for the use of co-regulation and self-regulation. It finds that a self-regulatory scheme of voluntary codes was never a suitable approach for the News Code, and that the close involvement of the regulator on the Disinformation Code — without a suitable remit or enforcement powers — distorts the self-regulatory model. This can in part be explained by the failure to address well-recognised flaws in the co-regulatory framework for telecommunications and broadcasting, the consequences of which are now being seen in attempts to regulate digital platforms.
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References
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Bartle, I., & Vass, P. (2005). Self-regulation and the regulatory state: A survey of policy and practice. (Centre for the Study of Regulated Industries research report 17). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.553.3190&rep=rep1&type=pdf
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Coglianese, C., & Mendelson, E. (2010). Meta-regulation and self-regulation. In R. Baldwin, M. Cave, & M. Lodge (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of regulation (pp. 146-168). Oxford University Press.
Communications Alliance. (2019). Telecommunications Consumer Protections Code. Industry Code C628:2019. https://www.commsalliance.com.au/Documents/all/codes/c628
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Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)
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Feick, J., & Werle, R. (2010). Regulation of cyberspace. In R. Baldwin, M. Cave, & M. Lodge (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of regulation (pp. 523-547). Oxford University Press.
Flew, T. (2019). The platformized Internet: Issues for Internet law and policy. Journal of Internet Law, 22(11), 3-16.
Flew, T. & Wilding, D. (2021). The turn to regulation in digital communication: the ACCC’s Digital Platforms Inquiry and Australian media policy. Media, Culture & Society, 43(1), 48-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/F0163443720926044
Flew, T., Gillet, R., Martin, M., & Sunman, L. (2021). Return of the regulatory state: A stakeholder analysis of Australia’s Digital Platforms Inquiry and online news policy. The Information Society, 37(2), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1870597
Free TV Australia. (2015). Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice. https://www.freetv.com.au/resources/code-of-practice/
Freiberg, A. (2017). Regulation in Australia. The Federation Press.
Frydenberg, J. (2020). Here’s news: We’ll hold digital giants to account. The Australian, 20 April 2020, p. 10.
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Harvard University Press.
Google. (2020a). Draft News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code: Submissions in response. https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/digital-platforms/news-media-bargaining-code/submissions-to-exposure-draft
Google. (2020b). Mandatory News Media Bargaining Code: Response to the ACCC’s concepts paper. https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/digital-platforms/news-media-bargaining-code/submissions-to-concepts-paper
Gorwa, R. (2019). The platform governance triangle: Conceptualising the informal regulation of online content. Internet Policy Review, 8(2), 1-22.
Gunningham, N., & Reese, J. (1997). Industry self-regulation: An institutional perspective. Law and Policy, 19(4), 363-414.
Helberger, N., Pierson, J. & Poll, T. (2018). Governing online platforms: From contested to cooperative responsibility. The Information Society, 34(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913
Law Society of New South Wales Young Lawyers, The. (2020). Submission on the Digital Industry Group Inc’s Draft Australian Code of Practice on Disinformation. https://digi.org.au/submissions/
Lee, K. (2018). The legitimacy and responsiveness of industry rule-making. Hart Publishing.
Lee, K., & Wilding, D. (2021). The case for reviewing broadcasting co-regulation. Media International Australia. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1329878X211005524
Leonard, P. (2021, March 12). The battles between Google, Facebook, and news media proprietors over fair value exchange for news content. Competition Policy International. https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/the-battles-between-google-facebook-and-news-media-proprietors-over-fair-value-exchange-for-news-content/
Lindsay, D. (in press). Australia and EU policy responses to algorithmic news distribution: A comparative analysis. In J. Meese and S. Bannerman (Eds). The algorithmic distribution of news. Palgrave Macmillan.
Online Safety Bill 2020 (Cth)
Oster, J. (2016). European and international media law. Cambridge University Press.
Pamment, J. (2020). EU Code of Practice on Disinformation: Briefing note for the new European Commission. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/03/eu-code-of-practice-on-disinformation-briefing-note-for-new-european-commission-pub-81187
Pash, C. (2021, May 6). How much are Google and Facebook paying for news in Australia? AdNews. https://www.adnews.com.au/news/exclusive-how-much-are-google-and-facebook-paying-for-news-in-australia
Picard, R. (2020). Media and communications policy making: Processes, dynamics and international variations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Plasilova, I., Hill, J., Carlberg, M., Goubet, M., & Procee, R. (2020). Study for the “Assessment of the implementation of the Code of Practice on Disinformation”: Final report. European Commission. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/study-assessment-implementation-code-practice-disinformation
Reset Australia. (2020). Submission on the Australian Code of Practice on Disinformation. https://digi.org.au/submissions/
Riordan, J. (2016). The liability of Internet intermediaries. Oxford University Press.
Senate Economics Legislation Committee. (2021). Report on Treasury Laws Amendment (News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code) Bill 2020 [Provisions]. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Economics/TLABNewsMedia
Shultz, W. & Held, T. (2001). Regulated self-regulation as a form of modern government. Verlag Hans Bredow Institut.
Suzor, N. (2019). Lawless: The secret rules that govern our digital lives. Cambridge University Press.
Tambini, D., Leonardi, D., & Marsden, C. (2008). Codifying cyberspace: Communications self-regulation in the age of Internet convergence. Routledge.
Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth)
Treasury Laws Amendment (News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code) Bill 2020 (Cth)
Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Wall, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
Wallis, J. (2020). Submission to the UTS Centre for Media Transition’s consultation process on the DIGI Group’s Australian Code of Practice on Disinformation. https://digi.org.au/submissions/
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Jun 29, 2021
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Wilding, D. (2021). Regulating News and Disinformation on Digital Platforms: Self-Regulation or Prevarication?. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 9(2), 11–46. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v9n2.415
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