Telecommuting on Women’s Work-Family Balance through Work-Family Conflicts Mindfulness
Main Article Content
Keywords
Telecommuting, Women, Work-family balance, Work-family conflict, Mindfulness
Abstract
This study draws on the work-family border theory to examine the impact of telecommuting on work-family balance through work-family conflicts and managing psychological borders. Since telecommuters lack physical boundaries and work within psychologically created borders, it is more challenging for women telecommuters to balance work and family responsibilities while working from home as telecommuters. Although available literature has illuminated this concern, there is a dearth of literature on managing psychological borders. Addressing this gap, this study explores the impact of telecommuting on work-family balance (WFB) through the bi-directional nature of the mediating effect of work-family conflict and the moderating impact of mindfulness, which will be empirically tested. The research adopted a cross-sectional survey strategy to conduct quantitative research on women telecommuters in the information technology industry in Sri Lanka. Interestingly, the findings of this study reveal that telecommuting has an impact on WFB, and that the trait of mindfulness was found to impact women telecommuters’ WFB significantly. The study contributes to the existing literature by incorporating mindfulness as a moderator and highlights the importance of developing the trait of mindfulness, since it is not innate in most people.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences Associated with Work-to-Family Conflict: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.5.2.278
Allen, T. D., & Kiburz, K. M. (2012). Trait mindfulness and work-family balance among working parents: The mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.002
Arudpragasam, A. (2022, May 6). Sri Lanka needs more women in the workforce. Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka-needs-more-women-in-the-workforce/4-734428
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.3363315
Auryn, E., & Marion, E. C. (2022). The Effect of Telework on Employee’s Work-Life Balance in Japan During The Covid-19 Pandemic. http://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022malaysia/375.pdf
Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
Baruch, Y. (2001). The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00058
Belzunegui-Eraso, A., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Teleworking in the context of the Covid-19 crisis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093662
Bhende, P., Mekoth, N., Ingalhalli, V., & Reddy, Y. V. (2020). Quality of Work Life and Work–Life Balance. Journal of Human Values, 26(3), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820939380
Bobbio, A., Canova, L., & Manganelli, A. M. (2022). Organizational Work-Home Culture and its Relations with the Work-Family Interface and Employees’ Subjective Well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(5), 2933–2966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10048-w
Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. Jr., & Pearson, A. W. (2005). The effects of work-family conflict and family-work conflict on nonattendance behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.11.005
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work/family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62(10), 1459–1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
Cook, S. (2021). How Working From Home Is Impacting Women. Business Because. https://www.businessbecause.com/news/insights/7539/working-from-home-impact-women
Darcy, C., & Mccarthy, A. (2007). Work-family conflict: An exploration of the differential effects of a dependent child’s age on working parents. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(7), 530–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590710820042
Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. (2021). Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey 1st Quarter - 2020. Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey 1st Quarter - 2021, 88, 1–4. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Resource/en/LabourForce/Bulletins/LFS_Q1_Bulletin_2021
Dissanayake, K. (2017). Teleworking as a mode of working for women in Sri Lanka: Concept, challenges and prospects. Institute of Developing Economies, IDE Discussion Paper. https://doi.org/10.20561/00049740
Firoozabadi, A., Uitdewilligen, S., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2018). Solving problems or seeing troubles? A day-level study on the consequences of thinking about work on recovery and well-being, and the moderating role of self-regulation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(5), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1505720
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.65
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Golden, T. D. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.369
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E (2006). Health Consequences of Work-Family Conflict: The Dark Side of the Work-Family Interface. In Perrewé, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (Eds) Employee Health, Coping and Methodologies (Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, Vol. 5), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Anger, W. K., Bodner, T., & Zimmerman, K. L. (2011). Clarifying Work-Family Intervention Processes: The Roles of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020927
Hornung, S., & Glaser, J. (2009). Home-based telecommuting and quality of life: Further evidence on an employee-oriented human resource practice. Psychological Reports, 104(2), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.104.2.395-402
Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work–life balance and work stress during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
Jyothi, S., & Jyothi, V. (2012). Assessing Work-Life Balance: From Emotional Intelligence and Role Efficacy of Career Women. Advances in Management, 5(6). https://econpapers.repec.org/article/mgnjournl/v_3a5_3ay_3a2012_3ai_3a6_3aa_3a6.htm
Kailasapathy, P., & Jayakody, J. A. S. K. (2018). Does leadership matter? Leadership styles, family supportive supervisor behaviour and work interference with family conflict. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(21), 3033–3067. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1276091
Karassvidou, E., & Glaveli, N. (2015). Work-family balance through border theory lens: The case of a company “driving in the fast lane”. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 34(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2014-0038
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
Kulatunga, H. (2020). Work from home model to continue in the future. Sunday Observer. https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2020/12/20/business/work-home-model-continue-future
Landolfi, A., & Lo, P. A. (2020). A psychometric examination of the work-family balance scale. A multisample study on Italian workers. Current Psychology, 41, 3778–3787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00893-z
Leung, L., & Zhang, R. (2017). Mapping ICT use at home and telecommuting practices: A perspective from work/family border theory. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.001
Madsen, S. R. (2011). The Benefits, Challenges, and Implications of Teleworking: A Literature Review. SelectedWorks.
Mesmer-magnus, J., Manapragada, A., Viswesvaran, C., & Allen, J. W. (2017). Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness. Human Performance, 30(2–3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2017.1307842
Mousa, M., & Alas, R. (2016). Cultural Diversity and Organizational Commitment: A Study on Teachers of Primary Public Schools in Menoufia (Egypt). International Business Research, 9(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n7p154
Mustafa, M., & Gold, M. (2013). “Chained to my work”? Strategies to manage temporal and physical boundaries among self-employed teleworkers. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12009
Nakrosiene, A., Buciuniene, I., & Gostautaite, B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
N’guessan, A. C. (2020, May 25). Information and communication technology for African livelihood. https://dev.diplomacy.edu/blog/ict-for-african-livelihood
Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2020). Teleworking and Workload Balance on Job Satisfaction: Indonesian Public Sector Workers During Covid-19 Pandemic. Asia Pacific Management and Business Application, 9(1), 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2020.009.01.1
Onyemaechi, U., Chinyere, U. P., & Emmanuel, U. (2018). Impact of Telecommuting on Employees’ Performance: A Focus on Telecommunication Outfits in Owerri, Imo State. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(3). https:/doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n3p54
Park, H. I., & Nam, S. K. (2020). From Role Conflict to Job Burnout: A Mediation Model Moderated by Mindfulness. Career Development Quarterly, 68(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12218
Pathirana, D. (2020). Working from home – The new normal? Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/Columnists/Working-from-home-The-new-normal/4-699515
Pattnaik, L., & Jena, L. K. (2020). Mindfulness, remote engagement and employee morale: conceptual analysis to address the “new normal”. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(4), 873–890. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2267
Priyashantha, K. G., De Alwis, A. C., & Welmilla, I. (2022a). Disruptive human resource management technologies: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Management and Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-01-2022-0018
Ramya, S. M., Banu, J., Asokan Ajitha, A., & Baral, R. (2022). Walking on a thin line! Empirical examination of work–home boundary violations faced by employees during forced work from home. Employee Relations, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2021-0515
Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. M. (2002). Role Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: The Effects on Attraction Applicant. Personnel Psychology, 55(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00105.x
Rosenberg, N. (2004). Innovation and Economic Growth. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/34267902.pdf
Saleh, M. (2023, March 24). Internet usage in Africa - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/9813/internet-usage-in-africa/
Sarbu, M. (2018). The role of telecommuting for work-family conflict among German employees. Research in Transportation Economics, 70, 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.009
Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2020). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of Mindfulness. ᮢJournal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Shumate, M., & Fulk, J. (2004). Boundaries and role conflict when work and family are colocated: A communication network and symbolic interaction approach. Human Relations, 57(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726704042714
Soares, A. M., Stephens, R., & Dong, L. (2022). Does National Diversity Impact Conflict in Global Virtual Teams? The Role of Language Factors. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 10(2), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n2.496
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and Unwinding From Work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of work-life balance, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-02-2017-0018
Sri Lanka Export Development Board. (2023, March). ICT Services overview. https://www.srilankabusiness.com/ict-services/about/
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(4), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00130
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When Work-Family Benefits Are Not Enough: The Influence of Work-Family Culture on Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(3), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
Toniolo-Barrios, M., & Pitt, L. (2021). Mindfulness and the challenges of working from home in times of crisis. Business Horizons, 64(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.09.004
Tremblay, D. G. (2002). Balancing work and family with telework? Organizational issues and challenges for women and managers. Women in Management Review, 17, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420210425309
Twigg, S., & Arunasalam, A. (2021, November 23). Increasing women in male-dominated roles: What Sri Lankan businesses can do. Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/columns/Increasing-women-in-male-dominated-roles-What-Sri-Lankan-businesses-can-do/4-726374
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-Based Resources as Moderators of the Relationship Between Work Hours and Satisfaction with Work-Family Balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1512–1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Vander Elst, T., Verhoogen, R., Sercu, M., Van den Broeck, A., Baillien, E., & Godderis, L. (2017). Not Extent of Telecommuting, but Job Characteristics as Proximal Predictors of Work-Related Well-Being. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(10), e180–e186. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001132
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Work demands and work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: Direct and indirect relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 707–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05277516
Wessels, C., Schippers, M. C., Stegmann, S., Bakker, A. B., Baalen, P. J. Van, Proper, K. I., Giorgi, G., & Europea, U. (2019). Fostering Flexibility in the New World of Work: A Model of Time-Spatial Job Crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00505
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences Associated with Work-to-Family Conflict: A Review and Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.5.2.278
Allen, T. D., & Kiburz, K. M. (2012). Trait mindfulness and work-family balance among working parents: The mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.002
Arudpragasam, A. (2022, May 6). Sri Lanka needs more women in the workforce. Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/columns/Sri-Lanka-needs-more-women-in-the-workforce/4-734428
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.3363315
Auryn, E., & Marion, E. C. (2022). The Effect of Telework on Employee’s Work-Life Balance in Japan During The Covid-19 Pandemic. http://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022malaysia/375.pdf
Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
Baruch, Y. (2001). The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00058
Belzunegui-Eraso, A., & Erro-Garcés, A. (2020). Teleworking in the context of the Covid-19 crisis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093662
Bhende, P., Mekoth, N., Ingalhalli, V., & Reddy, Y. V. (2020). Quality of Work Life and Work–Life Balance. Journal of Human Values, 26(3), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820939380
Bobbio, A., Canova, L., & Manganelli, A. M. (2022). Organizational Work-Home Culture and its Relations with the Work-Family Interface and Employees’ Subjective Well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(5), 2933–2966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10048-w
Boyar, S. L., Maertz, C. Jr., & Pearson, A. W. (2005). The effects of work-family conflict and family-work conflict on nonattendance behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.11.005
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work/family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62(10), 1459–1486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709336500
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
Cook, S. (2021). How Working From Home Is Impacting Women. Business Because. https://www.businessbecause.com/news/insights/7539/working-from-home-impact-women
Darcy, C., & Mccarthy, A. (2007). Work-family conflict: An exploration of the differential effects of a dependent child’s age on working parents. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(7), 530–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590710820042
Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. (2021). Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey 1st Quarter - 2020. Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey 1st Quarter - 2021, 88, 1–4. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Resource/en/LabourForce/Bulletins/LFS_Q1_Bulletin_2021
Dissanayake, K. (2017). Teleworking as a mode of working for women in Sri Lanka: Concept, challenges and prospects. Institute of Developing Economies, IDE Discussion Paper. https://doi.org/10.20561/00049740
Firoozabadi, A., Uitdewilligen, S., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2018). Solving problems or seeing troubles? A day-level study on the consequences of thinking about work on recovery and well-being, and the moderating role of self-regulation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(5), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1505720
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.65
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Golden, T. D. (2006). The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.369
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting’s differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E (2006). Health Consequences of Work-Family Conflict: The Dark Side of the Work-Family Interface. In Perrewé, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (Eds) Employee Health, Coping and Methodologies (Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, Vol. 5), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Anger, W. K., Bodner, T., & Zimmerman, K. L. (2011). Clarifying Work-Family Intervention Processes: The Roles of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020927
Hornung, S., & Glaser, J. (2009). Home-based telecommuting and quality of life: Further evidence on an employee-oriented human resource practice. Psychological Reports, 104(2), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.104.2.395-402
Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work–life balance and work stress during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
Jyothi, S., & Jyothi, V. (2012). Assessing Work-Life Balance: From Emotional Intelligence and Role Efficacy of Career Women. Advances in Management, 5(6). https://econpapers.repec.org/article/mgnjournl/v_3a5_3ay_3a2012_3ai_3a6_3aa_3a6.htm
Kailasapathy, P., & Jayakody, J. A. S. K. (2018). Does leadership matter? Leadership styles, family supportive supervisor behaviour and work interference with family conflict. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(21), 3033–3067. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1276091
Karassvidou, E., & Glaveli, N. (2015). Work-family balance through border theory lens: The case of a company “driving in the fast lane”. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 34(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2014-0038
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002
Kulatunga, H. (2020). Work from home model to continue in the future. Sunday Observer. https://www.sundayobserver.lk/2020/12/20/business/work-home-model-continue-future
Landolfi, A., & Lo, P. A. (2020). A psychometric examination of the work-family balance scale. A multisample study on Italian workers. Current Psychology, 41, 3778–3787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00893-z
Leung, L., & Zhang, R. (2017). Mapping ICT use at home and telecommuting practices: A perspective from work/family border theory. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.001
Madsen, S. R. (2011). The Benefits, Challenges, and Implications of Teleworking: A Literature Review. SelectedWorks.
Mesmer-magnus, J., Manapragada, A., Viswesvaran, C., & Allen, J. W. (2017). Trait mindfulness at work: A meta-analysis of the personal and professional correlates of trait mindfulness. Human Performance, 30(2–3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2017.1307842
Mousa, M., & Alas, R. (2016). Cultural Diversity and Organizational Commitment: A Study on Teachers of Primary Public Schools in Menoufia (Egypt). International Business Research, 9(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n7p154
Mustafa, M., & Gold, M. (2013). “Chained to my work”? Strategies to manage temporal and physical boundaries among self-employed teleworkers. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12009
Nakrosiene, A., Buciuniene, I., & Gostautaite, B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
N’guessan, A. C. (2020, May 25). Information and communication technology for African livelihood. https://dev.diplomacy.edu/blog/ict-for-african-livelihood
Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2020). Teleworking and Workload Balance on Job Satisfaction: Indonesian Public Sector Workers During Covid-19 Pandemic. Asia Pacific Management and Business Application, 9(1), 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2020.009.01.1
Onyemaechi, U., Chinyere, U. P., & Emmanuel, U. (2018). Impact of Telecommuting on Employees’ Performance: A Focus on Telecommunication Outfits in Owerri, Imo State. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(3). https:/doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n3p54
Park, H. I., & Nam, S. K. (2020). From Role Conflict to Job Burnout: A Mediation Model Moderated by Mindfulness. Career Development Quarterly, 68(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12218
Pathirana, D. (2020). Working from home – The new normal? Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/Columnists/Working-from-home-The-new-normal/4-699515
Pattnaik, L., & Jena, L. K. (2020). Mindfulness, remote engagement and employee morale: conceptual analysis to address the “new normal”. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(4), 873–890. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2267
Priyashantha, K. G., De Alwis, A. C., & Welmilla, I. (2022a). Disruptive human resource management technologies: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Management and Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-01-2022-0018
Ramya, S. M., Banu, J., Asokan Ajitha, A., & Baral, R. (2022). Walking on a thin line! Empirical examination of work–home boundary violations faced by employees during forced work from home. Employee Relations, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2021-0515
Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. M. (2002). Role Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: The Effects on Attraction Applicant. Personnel Psychology, 55(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00105.x
Rosenberg, N. (2004). Innovation and Economic Growth. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/34267902.pdf
Saleh, M. (2023, March 24). Internet usage in Africa - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/9813/internet-usage-in-africa/
Sarbu, M. (2018). The role of telecommuting for work-family conflict among German employees. Research in Transportation Economics, 70, 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.009
Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2020). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of Mindfulness. ᮢJournal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Shumate, M., & Fulk, J. (2004). Boundaries and role conflict when work and family are colocated: A communication network and symbolic interaction approach. Human Relations, 57(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726704042714
Soares, A. M., Stephens, R., & Dong, L. (2022). Does National Diversity Impact Conflict in Global Virtual Teams? The Role of Language Factors. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 10(2), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v10n2.496
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and Unwinding From Work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of work-life balance, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-02-2017-0018
Sri Lanka Export Development Board. (2023, March). ICT Services overview. https://www.srilankabusiness.com/ict-services/about/
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(4), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2004.tb00130
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When Work-Family Benefits Are Not Enough: The Influence of Work-Family Culture on Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(3), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
Toniolo-Barrios, M., & Pitt, L. (2021). Mindfulness and the challenges of working from home in times of crisis. Business Horizons, 64(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.09.004
Tremblay, D. G. (2002). Balancing work and family with telework? Organizational issues and challenges for women and managers. Women in Management Review, 17, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420210425309
Twigg, S., & Arunasalam, A. (2021, November 23). Increasing women in male-dominated roles: What Sri Lankan businesses can do. Daily FT. https://www.ft.lk/columns/Increasing-women-in-male-dominated-roles-What-Sri-Lankan-businesses-can-do/4-726374
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-Based Resources as Moderators of the Relationship Between Work Hours and Satisfaction with Work-Family Balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1512–1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Vander Elst, T., Verhoogen, R., Sercu, M., Van den Broeck, A., Baillien, E., & Godderis, L. (2017). Not Extent of Telecommuting, but Job Characteristics as Proximal Predictors of Work-Related Well-Being. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(10), e180–e186. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001132
Voydanoff, P. (2005). Work demands and work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: Direct and indirect relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 707–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05277516
Wessels, C., Schippers, M. C., Stegmann, S., Bakker, A. B., Baalen, P. J. Van, Proper, K. I., Giorgi, G., & Europea, U. (2019). Fostering Flexibility in the New World of Work: A Model of Time-Spatial Job Crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00505
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 28, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
Rebecca, E., & Jayawardana, A. K. L. (2023). Telecommuting on Women’s Work-Family Balance through Work-Family Conflicts: Mindfulness. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 11(2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v11n2.694
Issue
Section
Special Issue: Women’s Participation in the Digital Economy and Digital Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Telecommunications Association Inc.
Author Biographies
Edward Rebecca, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
Lecturer, Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
A. K. L. Jayawardana, University of New South Wales Canberra
Adjunct senior lecturer, University of New South Wales Canberra
Senior consultant, Postgraduate Institute of Management, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
